Sister Chromatids Definition and Example

Definition: Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are connected by a centromere. Chromosome replication takes place during interphase of the cell cycle. DNA is synthesized during the S phase or synthesis phase of interphase to ensure that each cell ends up with the correct number of chromosomes after cell division. The paired chromatids are held together at the centromere region by a special protein ring and remain joined until a later stage in the cell cycle. Sister chromatids are considered to be a single duplicated chromosome. Genetic recombination or crossing over can occur between sister chromatids or non-sister chromatids (chromatids of homologous chromosomes) during meiosis I. In crossing over, chromosome segments are exchanged between sister chromatids on homologous chromosomes. Chromosomes Chromosomes are located in the cell nucleus. They exist most of the time as single-stranded structures that are formed from condensed chromatin. Chromatin consists of complexes of small proteins known as histones and DNA. Prior to cell division, single-stranded chromosomes replicate forming double-stranded, X-shaped structures known as sister chromatids. In preparation for cell division, chromatin decondenses forming the less compact euchromatin. This less compact form allows the DNA to unwind so that DNA replication can occur. As the cell progresses through the cell cycle from interphase to either mitosis or meiosis, the chromatin once again becomes tightly packed heterochromatin. The replicated heterochromatin fibers condense further to form sister chromatids. Sister chromatids remain attached until anaphase of mitosis or anaphase II of meiosis. Sister chromatid separation ensures that each daughter cell gets the appropriate number of chromosomes after division. In humans, each mit otic daughter cell would be a diploid cell containing 46 chromosomes. Each meiotic daughter cell would be haploid containing 23 chromosomes. Sister Chromatids In Mitosis In prophase of mitosis, sister chromatids begin to move toward the cell center. In metaphase, sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate at right angles to the cell poles. In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell. Once the paired sister chromatids separate from one another, each chromatid is considered a single-stranded, full chromosome. In telophase and cytokinesis, separated sister chromatids are divided into two separate daughter cells. Each separated chromatid is referred to as a daughter chromosome. Sister Chromatids In Meiosis Meiosis is a two-part cell division process that is similar to mitosis. In prophase I and metaphase I of meiosis, events are similar with regard to sister chromatid movement as in mitosis. In anaphase I of meiosis, however, sister chromatids remain attached after homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles. Sister chromatids do not separate until anaphase II. Meiosis results in the production of four daughter cells, each with one half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Sex cells are produced by meiosis. Related Terms Chromatid - one-half of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome.Chromatin - DNA and protein complex that forms chromosomes.Chromosomes - DNA strands containing genes that code for the production of proteins.Daughter Chromosome - single-stranded chromosome resulting from the separation of sister chromatids.

Characterization In Animal Farm - 790 Words

â€Å"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and and from pig to man again, but already it was impossible to say which was which.† Orwell wrote Animal Farm as an allegory based on problems resulting from the Russian Revolution. In Animal Farm, George Orwell uses tone, characterization, and stylistic elements to show that people in power use manipulation to stay in power. George Orwell uses characterization to show Napoleon’s character development throughout the story. Orwell uses characterization in Animal Farm to show how Napoleon went from an ordinary pig to the dictator. In the beginning of Animal Farm, while Jones was still in charge, Napoleon started out the same as the other pigs. He had to follow the†¦show more content†¦Orwell is also shown being very cynical in his tone throughout the story. Being cynical means to believe that people only act on their own selfish ideas. Orwell shows this through his portrayal of Napoleon. N apoleon became the educator for the dogs. However, it ends up that he only did this to help himself. Finally, Orwell uses different stylistic elements to enhance elements of manipulation in the story. George Orwell uses dramatic irony to show the impact manipulation has on the animals. Boxer gets hurt and is being taken to the horse slaughterer. Squealer reassures the animals that Boxer is just going to the hospital to heal and will return back to Animal Farm healthier than ever shortly. This dramatic irony is being used to ‘manipulate’ the other animals. Since Squealer is a pig, he is already raked above the others and given absolute power. It turns out that Boxer was in fact taken to a â€Å"Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler.† However, the other animals could not comprehend this due to their lack of literacy skills. Next, Orwell uses verbal irony to enhance the way manipulation is portrayed in the story. All animals are given certain rules that they are require d to follow in the beginning/making of Animal Farm. For example, on the first day of Animal Farm, one of the rules they were given was â€Å"No animal shall sleep in a bed.†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s Animal Farm 1482 Words   |  6 PagesHonors II Ms.Litos Indirect and Direct Characterization There are lots of difference between indirect and direct characterization. Truthfully, what does indirect and direct characterization really mean? Indirect Characterization: is the process in which the personality of a fictional character is revealed by the characters speech, actions, appearance and so much more. Direct characterization: is when the process in which the personality of a fictional character isRead MoreEducation And Success In Animal Farm By George Orwell1012 Words   |  5 Pagesadvantage. In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, a group of pigs lead a rebellion against human farm-owners in support of animal superiority. Throughout this process, the pigs learn to read and write with much success, leaving them as the primary leaders of the farm. The pigs use their education to manipulate and take advantage of the other farm animals, known as the labor animals, who in fact are mostly illiterate and uneducated. In Orwell’s Animal Farm, characterization is used to s how the contrast betweenRead MoreThe Power Of Power In George Orwells Animal Farm764 Words   |  4 PagesOrwells allegorical novella Animal Farm, a successful rebellion, was held against the Mr. Jones (the farm owner), as he mistreated the animals. After the expulsion of Mr. Jones, the farm lacked a figure of authority, so the pigs stepped up to that position as they were the most literate and the cleverest among the animals. Slowly it progressed to a state where the pigs had absolute power over the lives of the animals and the farm. Which led to a situation where the animals had to agree with every statementRead MoreAnimal Farm Character Analysis713 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS† (Orwell 134). In George Orwell’s allegorical fable, Animal Farm, a group of animals lived with their master, Jones. Jones was an unfair man who didn’t care too much about the animals. One day Jones forgot to feed the animals, so they revolted. The animals wanted a perfect place without the corruption of man. The currently animal controlled land of Animal Farm, the smartest of all animals, the pigs take control. To prevent a human-likeRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1403 Words   |  6 PagesRussian leaders. In Animal Farm Orwell demonstrates that no good comes out of revolutions when he shows that absolute power corrupts absolutely through characterization of the animals. When the story begins, the pigs are altruistic, but as they develop power over the other animals, that power corrupts them. Orwell illustrates this concept through the pigs’ changing of commandements on the farm. From,â€Å"All animals are equal,† (Orwell 24) to, â€Å"All animals are equal but some animals are more equal thanRead MoreRebellion In Animal Farm, By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesOrwell’s Animal Farm, the animals living on Manor Farm became sick and tired of how poorly they are treated by Mr. Jones. They devise a plan, the Rebellion, to overthrow Mr. Jones and take over the farm. Their efforts are successful, and they overthrow Mr. Jones and start a new life, which they have high hopes for. Those hopes are destroyed when a power-hungry pig named Napoleon takes over and makes their lives just as bad, if not worse than they were when Mr. Jones was in charge. Throughout Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm And Fahrenheit 4511020 Words   |  5 Pa gesThe Burning Truth Both Animal Farm and Fahrenheit 451 are fictional novels in which a dystopian society exists. These societies were both created by a â€Å"central government†. When citizens of these societies fail to stand up and protect their rights, authority figures will keep increasing their level of aggressiveness until it ruptures the society. When the authorities in these novels abuse their power, it fractures the society and greatly increases corruption. Orwell and Bradbury bothRead MoreAnimal Farm Character Analysis938 Words   |  4 Pagescelebrated novelist well known for his political satire in the fairy tale, Animal Farm. The theme of power in the book is recurring and greatly present throughout the piece. Through the use of characterization, conflict, and irony, Orwell shows that those in the position of power can become like its predecessor. Orwell demonstrates that those in power can become like their predecessor through characterization. One example comes from page 107: At about half past nine Napoleon, wearingRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigs’ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreReading Comprehension and Response to Literature Questions1497 Words   |  6 Pagesyour answer. Anthropomorphism characterization What human characteristics (other than the ability to speak English) does O rwell give to each of the following characters CharacterHuman Characteristics and Personality TraitsOld Major Boxer Mollie Benjamin Snowball Napoleon Exposition setting up what the characters want (characters motives) and the potential conflict-- Old Major and his dream a. Why is Old Major so respected What is Old Majors vision for the animals In other words, what does he

Social Media Platforms Increasing Customer Satisfaction on Large Hotel

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Platforms Increasing Customer Satisfaction on Large Hotels? Answer: Research Background In this era of globalization, social media has emerged as a powerful to reach out to customers. The organizations in the tourism and hospitality industry have realized that social media is the most efficient and fastest way to reach out to customers (Nah Saxton, 2012). The large hotels have already started to use the social media networks like Facebook and Twitter to measure customer satisfaction (Kwona, 2010). The initial research suggests that the use of social media platforms can increase the customer satisfaction. It would be interesting to study the correlation between the use of social media platforms to increase the customer satisfaction for the large hotels. The organizations in the hospitality and tourism industry can use the social media platforms to understand the customer expectations (Shin, 2010). The customer satisfaction can increase if the management can reduce the gap between the customers expectations and the management perception of customers expectations. Research Aim Statement The purpose of this study is to establish the relationship between the use of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter with the customer satisfaction levels for the hotel industry. The research would be focused on the Marriot group of hotels in Sydney. The research would be done in the next 2 months with the employees of the Marriot group of hotels in Sydney. Research Objectives The three research objectives for this research work can be listed as: What is the impact of social media platforms on customer satisfaction for the customers of Marriot group of hotels in Sydney? How can Marriot group of hotels in Sydney use the social media platforms to improve the customer satisfaction? How social media platforms can helps the Marriot group of hotels in Sydney to understand the customer satisfaction? Data requirement This research would primarily use the quantitative data. As a part of this research, researcher would collect the data from hotel employees. The data would be collected from the employees at different levels like senior management, mid-level management, low-level employees, etc. The quantitative data would also be collected from the customers. The use of quantitative data would help the researcher to analyze the data and make the useful conclusion (Valenzuela, 2013). The tools like Microsoft Excel and statistical modeling techniques would be used to analyze the data. Proposed research methods The proposed research methodology is quantitative research. The researcher would develop an online questionnaire and the questionnaire would be mailed to the respondents. The primary research would be in the form of online questionnaire that would be quantitative in nature (Saunders, 2014). The use of quantitative data would add to the strength of the research. The literature review would be used to take the information from the existing researches. The library database and the online sources would be a good source of literature review. References Nah, S., Saxton, G. D. (2012). Modeling the adoption and use of social media by nonprofit organizations.New Media Society, 1461444812452411. Sang Jib Kwona, E. P. (2010). What drives successful social networking services? A comparative analysis of user acceptance of Facebook and Twitter . Science Direct, 534-544. Shin, D.-H. (2010). The effects of trust, security and privacy in social networking: A security-based approach to understand the pattern of adoption . Science Direct, 428-438. Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism.American Behavioral Scientist,57(7), 920-942. Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P., 2014.Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed.